植物扩展蛋白基因的研究进展

扩展蛋白基因(expansin genes)是一个相对保守的基因家族,由α、β、γ和δ4个亚家族组成。作为植物细胞壁的重要组成部分,扩展蛋白以酶催化的作用方式,使细胞壁组分间疏松,细胞伸展,细胞的柔韧性增强,以此缓解各种环境因子对细胞的压力。目前研究发现:扩展蛋白参与了植物生长发育过程中的许多环节,如种子萌发、根毛的起始和延长、叶子生长发育、叶柄脱落、花粉管延长、果实成熟等。同时,扩展蛋白还参与了抗旱、抗病、耐高温等诸多抗逆性反应。扩展蛋白基因多属于诱导表达,易受激素、温度、干旱、病原菌、机械损伤等各种内外界环境因素的影响。     

Isolation and Characterization of E11 Gene Promoter from Tomato

A fragment of 2 000 bp upstream sequence of E11 clone was amplified from genomic DNA of the tomato cultivar Zhongshu5. Sequence analysis showed that the upstream contains the regulatory elements: TATA box (-29 - -22), CAAT box (-193- -189), wound, and drought response elements. Expression vectors of E11 promoter gus fusion were constructed with the promoters of 1 200 and 2 000 bp regions, respectively. Transgenic tomato plants were obtained through Agrobacteriummediated transformation. Histochemical analysis of GUS activity in various tissues showed that the two promoters were able to direct fruit-specific gene expression. The expression driven by promoter of 2 000 bp upstream fragment could increase GUS activity with the maturation of tomato fruits. The promoter of -1 200 bp fragment could direct gus gene expression in fruits with the inductions of drought and wounding. The regulatory region for fruit-specificity was probably located in the region of 1200 bp of 5'-flanking sequence and some positive regulatory elements or enhancers may exist in the region from -1200 to -2000 bp.     

“十一五”我国农业装备制造业自主创新战略研究

论文分析了新时期我国农业装备业发展面临的机遇和存在的制约因素,提出实施自主创新战略,振兴农业准备制造业的总体思路是“重点突破、总体提升;增强能力,保障供给”,研究确立了农业装备自主创新战略的四大目标、五大重点领域,并从农业装备技术创新体系建设、技术创新模式选择、技术创新服务支撑体系建设等方面,提出相应的措施与建议。     

野败型不育系水稻畸形籽粒形成原因的探讨

 野败型不育系水稻的开闭颖时间长，不闭颖率高，由不闭颖颖花发育而成的颖果由于受到阳光的直接照射，果皮的生长和胚乳细胞的分裂都受到抑制，籽粒含水量过早降低，引起早衰。这不仅使粒重降低，空瘪率增加，而且使这些颖果都长成畸形的尖头米。如给不闭颖颖花套上锡箔纸袋遮光保湿，能使颖果发育良好，米粒长出颖壳，粒重增加一倍。     

The Association of Chalazal Cell Ultrastructure in Caryopsis and Grain Filling in Wheat

Using three wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L. ), Een1, Huamai8 and 95A-10, which ex-hibit different grain filling characters, the relationship of ultrastructure of the chalazal cells in wheat caryop-sis and grain filling was studied. The results indicate that the lipoid and polysaccharide deposited in vacuolesof the chalazal cells have no obvious inhibitory actions to the grain filling. It appears that a direct relationshipexists between the proceeding and end time of grain filling and the amount and appearing time of the lipoid,within lignin and suberin deposited on the inner wall of chalazal cells, and between grain filling rate and culti-vars characteristic. The appearing time of the lipoid, within lignin and suberin deposited on the inner wall ofchalazal cells in cultivar with large grain (Een1 and 95A-10) was later than that in cultivar with small grain(Huamai8), and the amount of deposits in the former was less than that in the latter. The late development ofcaryopsis and low rate of grain filling account for the wrinkled grain of 95A-10. The transport of assimilatesin chalazal cells coexists with symplastic and apoplastic pathways, but symplastic pathway plays a major roleafter 24 days of flowering.     

Establishment of an in vitro culture model to study milk production and the blood–milk barrier with bovine mammary epithelial cells

This study attempted to establish a culture model to recreate the milk production pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). BMECs were isolated from Holstein cows (nonlactating, nonpregnant, and parous) and were stored by cryopreservation. To separate the apical and basolateral compartments, BMECs were cultured on a cell culture insert with a collagen gel in the presence of bovine pituitary extract and dexamethasone to induce milk production and tight junction (TJ) formation. The culture model showed the secretion of the major milk components, such as β‐casein, lactose, and triglyceride, and formed less‐permeable TJs in BMECs. Moreover, the TJs were distinctly separated from the apical and basolateral membranes. Glucose transporter‐1, which transports glucose into the cytoplasm through the basolateral membrane, localized in the lateral membrane of BMECs. Toll‐like receptor‐4, which binds to lipopolysaccharide in the alveolar lumen in mastitis, localized in the apical membrane. Beta‐casein was mainly localized near the Golgi apparatus and the apical membrane. Moreover, milk components were almost secreted into the upper chamber of the cell culture insert. These findings indicate that this model has clear cell polarity as well as in vivo and is effective to study of milk production and the blood–milk barrier in lactating BMECs.     

辣蓼黄酮正丁醇部分体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的研究

为明确辣蓼黄酮正丁醇部分（n-butanol part of flavonoids from Polygonum hydropiper L.,FNB）体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PPRSV）的效果。本研究以Marc-145细胞和PPRSV弱毒疫苗毒株（TJM-F92）为对象,通过CCK-8法检测FNB对细胞的毒性作用,并检测先给药后接毒、先接毒后给药、药物与病毒同时作用这3种方式处理细胞后药物对病毒的抑制率。结果发现,FNB对细胞的最大安全浓度为500 μg/mL,因此,选择25~500 μg/mL浓度范围的FNB进行后续试验。各浓度的FNB处理病毒后,能不同程度的抑制PRRSV在细胞上的增殖,并呈现一定的剂量效应关系,药物的浓度越高,抗病毒效果越好。其中,先接毒后给药、药物与病毒同时作用这两种方式抗PRRSV效果显著,在25~500 μg/mL浓度范围内细胞存活率分别为21.55%~65.23%和24.85%~73.60%。而先给药后接毒,不能有效降低病毒的感染力,在药物最高剂量（500 μg/mL）时细胞存活率仅为7.00%,抗病毒效果不明显。FNB预先作用于Marc-145细胞虽未降低PRRSV感染细胞的能力,即药物对于PRRSV预防作用效果不理想,但是FNB对病毒感染细胞后呈现一定的作用,药物能够通过抑制病毒的合成、释放及直接杀灭病毒,进而能够有效抑制PRRSV在细胞上的增殖。本试验结果不仅为FNB在临床上治疗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）提供参考依据,而且可以为辣蓼的深度开发和利用提供理论依据。     

干扰lnc23后牛骨骼肌卫星细胞转录组测序的生物信息学分析

试验旨在分析lnc23在调控牛骨骼肌卫星细胞分化过程中转录组水平的变化,筛选出可能参与调节骨骼肌卫星细胞生长的调控通路及相关mRNAs。采用第二代测序技术（next-generation sequencing,NGS）基于Illumia hiSeq测序平台对成功构建的lnc23抑制模型及相应对照组的牛骨骼肌卫星细胞进行转录组测序,将数据整理、过滤及评估后,通过生物信息学方法分析样品间基因转录差异表达,对这些差异基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析,并应用实时荧光定量PCR技术对转录组数据结果进行验证。结果显示,转录组测序共鉴定到19 358个基因,筛选到1 297个差异表达基因,其中上调856个,下调441个。差异基因的GO功能分析共包括细胞组分、分子功能和生物学过程3大类222个分支,其中有大量的差异基因与催化活性、分子功能调节、信号转导、生物黏附、新陈代谢相关。KEGG分析显示,差异基因共涉及190个通路,显著富集在PI3K-Akt、P53、TNF、RIG-Ⅰ样受体、神经活性配体受体互作、细胞因子互作等信号通路上,进一步从中筛选出可能参与细胞生长、肌肉发育过程的差异基因,如CCNA2、RRM2、IL-6、MYL2等。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,所选的11个差异基因中有9个与转录组测序结果变化一致,表明了测序结果的可靠性。本试验完成了干扰lnc23及其对照后牛骨骼肌卫星细胞的转录组测序分析,获取差异基因的功能注释信息,初步揭示lnc23调控牛骨骼肌卫星细胞分化的潜在基因和通路,为深入探究lnc23调控牛骨骼肌卫星细胞的分化机制打下良好的基础。     

禽呼肠孤病毒σB和σC蛋白在昆虫细胞中的共表达

本研究旨在获得具有天然构象和活性良好的禽呼肠孤病毒（ARV）σB和σC蛋白,采用杆状病毒表达系统在昆虫细胞中共表达σB和σC蛋白,并对其活性进行鉴定。根据NCBI数据库中ARV σB和σC基因序列设计引物,将两个基因克隆至pFast-Dual载体,转化大肠杆菌DH10Bac感受态细胞,筛选获得重组穿梭杆粒。通过转染sf9细胞,筛选到含有σB和σC基因的重组病毒。将重组病毒感染sf9细胞,通过优化接毒量和收获时间等参数,确定最佳表达条件,在sf9细胞中高效共表达σB和σC蛋白。Western blotting和间接免疫荧光（IFA）检测结果表明,成功在sf9细胞中共表达了ARV σB和σC蛋白,并具有很好的生物学活性。本试验结果为开发鉴别诊断试剂以及ARV颗粒疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

奶牛乳腺免疫细胞防御机理研究进展

奶牛乳腺中的初级吞噬细胞、嗜中性粒细胞(PMN)和巨噬细胞构成了抵御病原体入侵的第1道防线。在健康奶牛的乳腺中,巨噬细胞占主导地位且充当哨兵的角色。当病原体侵入乳腺时,巨噬细胞及乳腺上皮细胞就会释放出直接将PMN迁移到该区域的趋化剂,使PMN从循环中迅速流入并吞噬和杀灭细菌,起到保护的作用。抵御病原体入侵的第2道防线是由记忆细胞和免疫球蛋白组成的网络,它们与第1道防线相互作用。随着分子生物学技术的发展,更好地了解炎症反应的调节机制可为研究和调节宿主与病原体的相互作用提供理论基础,因此本文就奶牛乳腺免疫细胞防御机理的研究进展进行了综述。